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MAGELLAN’S DEADLY ADVENTURE Part 1.

This is the story of a brave admiral and navigator whose name has been passed down through the generations. Five centuries ago, he led an expedition to find the elusive islands located in an unknown ocean. Severe storms and mutinies resulted in the loss of four of the five ships, and disease and death claimed almost all of the sailors. Only one of the five ships returned. Having circumnavigated the globe, the eleven surviving sailors returned home on that ship, bringing their three-year adventure to a close.
This expedition proved that the planet is spherical. Stargazers and soothsayers were discredited, sea charts were burned, and cartographers set to work creating new ones.
The brave admiral died in a skirmish with the indigenous people of one of the islands in the archipelago that he had discovered in unknown ocean. His madness, fanaticism and courage have ensured his immortality in the memory of posterity. Sailors all over the world will remember his name for as long as the ocean exists. May the gods protect his soul !
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Madmen of their era! These intrepid sailors discovered new lands and established sea routes to them. Their exploits live on in the memories of future generations. In 1419, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal elevated navigation to a science, opening a new chapter in its history. In his youth, he fought pirates in the Mediterranean Sea, adopting their techniques for creating nautical charts and sails methods. He equipped ships with sails that could exploit headwinds.
By establishing a unique school, the prince secured his place in history. At this school, sailors studied ocean dynamics, astronomy, algebra, geometry, shipbuilding and sailing.
Many brave men, having mastered the science of navigation, set out on daring expeditions. The wildest of all were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan. We sing a song to celebrate their courageous madness!

Spices and seasonings have been important commodities of East Asia since ancient times. The Arabs delivered these spices to northern countries, generating substantial profits. They jealously guarded their monopoly, inventing legends about terrifying monsters that supposedly haunted the lands where the exotic nuts and fruits grew. Anyone brave enough to attempt to find a passage to these lands never returned, and their disappearances gave rise to new myths and a superstitious fear of the unknown.

Cunning traders told foreigners that spices grew in African jungles. In reality, Africa was merely a transit point for aromatic goods from India, Southeast Asia and the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Over time, Eastern healers and alchemists learned to craft magical extracts and ointments from many tropical plants and fruits. These medicines and potions became commodities used in settlements across the European continent. They were exchanged for gold. In those days, a sack of Eastern spices could guarantee its owner a carefree life.
By manipulating the prices of their most valuable goods, Arab merchants subjugated the rulers of many countries, sometimes wreaking havoc on their economies — much as their descendants do today by manipulating oil prices.

For a long time, merchants used the overland trade route through Byzantium to transport aromatic goods from Asia to Europe. However, after capturing Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans imposed heavy taxes on imported goods. Spice prices in Europe then skyrocketed. All royal houses sought a way to end their dependence on this route. They equipped and sent expedition after expedition to overseas lands.
As the Portuguese were the most experienced seafarers, it was only natural that they would be the first Europeans to discover the islands in the Indian Ocean.

Henry “Navigator” sponsored fourteen expeditions during his lifetime, dispatching his sailors to search for the Spice Islands in the uncharted waters off the coast of India. Although these expeditions failed to find the Spice Islands, they brought the Portuguese ever closer to their goal. Every sailor setting out from Henry the Navigator’s school into the uncharted waters off the coast of South Africa was required to compile reports on tides, winds, currents, fog, storms, shoals, reefs and prominent coastal landmarks. They also had to update the coastline markings on charts. All accumulated information was considered a state secret, and disclosure was punishable by death.

In 1488, the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias became the first person to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa. He used the charts and sailing directions of his predecessors to guide him. Beyond a mountainous cape, he discovered the waters of an unknown ocean. A roaring wind from the Forties battered his brig’s sails. Dias named this cape the Cape of Storms. However, amid heavy storms and fog, continuing the expedition in unknown waters was too risky, so he turned back. Dias’s ships spent nearly a year and a half at sea, and it is unclear how many more months their journey to the shores of India would have taken.
Delighted with the results of the expedition, King Manuel of Portugal renamed the cape, beyond which a new ocean opened up, the Cape of Good Hope. However, the next expedition was postponed until better times, as the kingdom had not yet recovered from a recent war with its neighbours.

Until the mid-16th century, Spain did not exist as a unified state. Instead, it consisted of two neighbouring kingdoms on a vast peninsula: Castile and Aragon. In 1516, Charles I of the Habsburg dynasty became King of Aragon. He also became King of León, Castile and Valencia, as well as Count of Barcelona and Archduke of Austria. He later became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V — that’s what it means to have distinguished relatives! He inherited all his titles. However, he was also an intelligent and insightful politician. Yet, at the age of 56 and at the height of his power, the emperor abdicated and retired to a monastery. Following his father’s abdication in 1556, Philip II united Castile and Aragon to form the Kingdom of Spain.

Half a century before the reign of King Charles I, who would go on to become emperor of the most powerful empire, a military conflict erupted in 1475 between Aragon and Portugal over who had the right to inherit the Crown of Castile. The war ended in 1479 with the signing of a treaty recognizing Ferdinand and Isabella as the new King and Queen of Castile.
Portugal had won a naval battle and gained a monopoly on Atlantic Ocean trade south of the Canary Islands, which belonged to Castile.
The Vatican ceded all waters off the western coast of Africa to Portugal. This deprived the Spaniards of the right to use the sea route, which was now under the permanent control of the Portuguese crown. Portuguese warships patrolled the entire coast of Africa, mercilessly sinking any invading ships.


THE RISK REWARD IS WORTH ANY RISK.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.

After capturing Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans imposed a tax on all goods transported along the only trade route between Europe and Asia. The price of Eastern spices then skyrocketed. Monarchs in Europe begun launching expeditions to find a sea route to the islands where these spices were cultivated.
Unable to use the sea route around Africa to reach India and China, many Spanish navigators dreamed of finding an Atlantic route instead. In 1485, Cristoforo Colombo, a Genoan who had previously lived in Portugal, where he had become proficient in cartography and navigation, approached the Spanish monarchs. Having sailed the waters of the North Atlantic for many years, he was an experienced sailor.
In 1491, Columbus turned 40. Like many sailors of the time, he dreamed of discovery. However, he knew that to realise his dream, he would need money and the support of patrons. After convincing the royal house of Ferdinand and Isabella of the merits of his project, he received three small ships from the royal house, while Genoese merchants financed his expedition.

In early August 1492, Christopher Columbus’s ships set sail westward from the Spanish coast. The Portuguese King John II immediately dispatched several warships in pursuit, but Columbus managed to evade them. During the expedition, he discovered the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola and Tortuga.
He then returned to Spain, where news of his discoveries caused a stir across Europe. Amidst political disputes between the three kingdoms, the new Pope, Alexander VI (a Spaniard), issued four papal bulls on overseas affairs to please Ferdinand and Isabella. These declared that all seas and lands located west of a line drawn across the Atlantic, 100 leagues (400 nautical miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands and the Azores, would henceforth belong to the two Spanish kingdoms.

Columbus’s second expedition, in September 1493, consisted of seventeen ships. They delivered around two thousand settlers, along with all their belongings, to Hispaniola (which would later be divided into the Dominican Republic and Haiti). During the expedition, which lasted nearly three years, the Antilles, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Jamaica were discovered.

Columbus’s fame, the exotic goods he brought from overseas and the riches his ships delivered to Europe fuelled the jealousy of Bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca. A politically astute court intriguer and cunning bureaucrat, Fonseca was the ‘grey eminence’ of Ferdinand and Isabella’s royal court. Driven by envy, Fonseca plotted to destroy the explorer.
The bishop had spies among Columbus’s crews who sent him reports and received instructions to sabotage the expedition. Even the admiral’s secretary, Antonio de Torres, became one of Fonseca’s agents. Before the navigator’s second expedition had returned, the bishop had sown such mistrust of Columbus among the monarchs that they were no longer willing to support him. Upon his return, Columbus was informed that the monarchs were severing ties with him. He struggled to convince them that the accusations were baseless. However, Fonseca did not abandon his treacherous plans.

In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed, definitively dividing the spheres of expansion in the world’s oceans between Spain and Portugal. Columbus’s next expedition, in 1498, included only six ships. Although the navigator made further discoveries, he did not find the passage to the South Sea. This led Columbus to believe that the route to India lay elsewhere. Nevertheless, he continued his search. During the long months of Columbus’s voyages, the malicious slanderer Fonseca succeeded in revoking Columbus’s patent for discovering new lands, resulting in his arrest and the stripping of his titles. While Columbus was being transported in chains to Spain, Bishop Fonseca sent Amerigo Vespucci, one of his loyal supporters, to the New World as part of an expedition led by Alonso de Ojeda, one of Columbus’s rivals.

As a result of the bishop’s machinations, the American continent was never named after its discoverer. Columbus was forced to prove his innocence once again. In spring 1502, he set out on his final expedition to the New World. On that voyage, he explored Central America, from Costa Rica to Honduras and Guatemala.

The courageous Genoese led four expeditions, during which he lost ships and sailors. He discovered new lands in the Americas for the Spanish crown. However, he never found what he was searching for: a passage to the South Sea and the Spice Islands, both of which were highly sought after at the time.
People do not appreciate their heroes while they are alive. Slandered by the bishop, Columbus died in poverty in Seville on 20 May 1506, forgotten by all. It was only when ships laden with gold, silver, emeralds, sapphires and diamonds from the lands he had discovered were returning to Spain that he was remembered.

In 1503, the Casa de Contratación (Chamber of Commerce) was established in Seville to organise and equip maritime expeditions. It was headed by the same all-powerful schemer: Bishop Fonseca. Using his talent for plotting and slander, he deposed the proud seamen and appointed subservient lackeys, transforming the Chamber of Commerce into a bureaucratic structure that controlled all foreign trade in the Spanish kingdom.
From that point on, no ship was permitted to set sail without the Chamber of Commerce’s — and thus Bishop Fonseca’s — approval. The palace intriguer had triumphed; his power was now greater than that of the king.

***

VASCO DA GAMA.

In 1460, a boy was born into the distinguished Portuguese noble family of Esteva da Gama. One of his ancestors had been knighted by King Alfonso III for his bravery in battles against the Moors. Like all Portuguese nobles, the young boy received an education in maritime science, mathematics, navigation, and astronomy.
Following Columbus’s discovery of overseas territories in the New World, the Vatican divided them between Spain and Portugal. Outraged by this papal injustice, King Charles VIII of France, nicknamed ‘the Amiable’, declared, “The sun shines equally for all!” He then blessed his corsairs and sent them to plunder Spanish ships.

The French filibusters immediately set sail in search of plunder. Off the coast of Portugal, they captured a caravel laden with gold from the New World. In response to this insolence, the Portuguese king ordered Captain Vasco da Gama to seize those French ships. The cunning sailor managed to outsmart the French and take back the gold.
For carrying out the king’s will with such decisiveness, Vasco da Gama was showered with the highest honors. From that moment on, time brought him closer to his fateful mission.

Almost ten years after Bartolomeu Dias’s expedition in 1488, the daring sailor received orders from King Manuel I to find a sea route to India. He was given command of four warships, Portugal’s finest navigators, and 150 soldiers, as well as the most advanced secret maps. His expedition was guaranteed full supplies, with all expenses covered by gold from the royal treasury.
Vasco da Gama set sail, following his predecessor’s route to the Cape of Good Hope. On the route, the fleet stopped at various islands to make repairs and resupply. There, they clashed with vicious natives. Vasco da Gama was wounded in the leg by an arrow during one of these clashes. Fortunately for him, the arrow was not poisoned.

By the end of November 1497, the flotilla had rounded the Cape of Good Hope, through numerous of relentless, debilitating storms along the way. One ship was so badly damaged that it had to be burned, with its contents transferred to the others. They continued along the east coast of Africa. One day, the sailors spotted a caravan of Arab merchants unloading spices from ships on the shore. This began to unravel the mystery of spice shipments to Europe, and Vasco da Gama realised that he was close to solving it. However, when the expedition reached Madagascar, the sailors were met with aggression by the Arab traders, who were jealous that the Portuguese might discover the secrets of the lucrative spice trade. Vasco da Gama proved himself to be a cunning politician. He incited the local tribes against the Arabs by giving the natives trinkets and weapons.

After leaving Madagascar, his ships headed northeast and reached India in May 1498. It was a perilous expedition, with sailors dying in skirmishes with savages and pirates and ships sinking in storms. The navigator fulfilled his king’s orders at great cost. Only two of the four ships returned home to Portugal, carrying just 55 of the original 150 sailors. However, the profits from selling the spices brought from India far exceeded the expedition’s costs. Politicians and merchants do not count the dead. They count the profits.
Nevertheless, the location of the Spice Islands remained a mystery. The navigator’s written report made no mention of them.

King Manuel I of Portugal was an arrogant and vain monarch who lacked a romantic sense of adventure. He preferred to live a life of luxury in the palace, taking all the credit for seamen discoveries. Following the successful completion of Vasco da Gama’s expedition, he added the following to his title: ‘Lord of Guinea, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India’.
Although he rarely favored his subjects, he appointed Vasco da Gama viceroy of India and granted him land there in gratitude for the successful expedition. This generous gift from the usually stingy king confirmed that his seafarer had indeed found the coveted islands. However, Vasco da Gama did not dare commit his discovery to paper, most likely whispering it to the king instead. All secrets eventually come to light, and this one was revealed 20 years later, after Magellan’s expedition.

Vasco da Gama lived a wealthy life and died on his Indian estates at the age of 64. His less fortunate predecessor, Bartolomeu Dias, met a different fate. A couple of years later, he followed Vasco da Gama to India to avenge his unsuccessful first attempt. But he fell into the clutches of the elements at the Cape of Storms, which he had discovered. The ship and crew were lost, along with their captain.
Don’t tempt Fate if you’re overcome by vanity. She might not be pleased.

***

MAGELLAN.

In 1480, a boy was born into a poor noble family in a Portuguese province. His father’s lineage could be traced back to an 11th century ancestor who had participated in the military campaigns of a French crusader named Magalhães. This name was adapted into Portuguese and appeared on the family crest, and the boy was named Fernão after it.
Growing up on the Atlantic coast, Fernão de Magalhães’s companions were the winds and storms of Biscay. When he turned 12, the young nobleman travelled to Lisbon to enter royal service. Although modest, this position enabled him to receive one of the best educations in Portugal. He studied religion and mathematics, received cavalry and military training, and took music and dance lessons.
After enrolling at the school founded by Prince Henry the Navigator, he went on to study astronomy and navigation. Amerigo Vespucci, after whom the Americas are named, was the school’s senior navigator in the early years of the new century.
During the Age of Geographical Exploration, Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama were idols and role models to the young Fernão. He spent all his free time in the harbor, helping seamen to prepare for expeditions to India and studying ship rigging and armament in preparation himself for sea voyages.

However, in 1495, his patron, King João II of Portugal, died suddenly. Manuel I then ascended the throne, succeeding Prince Afonso as heir to the crown. Prince Afonso was King João II’s only legitimate son.
Manuel had grown up amid the conspiracies of the nobility; his older brother Diogo had been killed by the king himself for his involvement in a plot. The young monarch remembered his brother’s fate and distrusted any nobleman of dubious character.
Consequently, the ambitious nobleman Fernão de Magalhães soon fell out of favour with the suspicious king. Over the years, the proud Fernão’s requests for a career in the navy were denied, and his dream of becoming a sailor remained just that — a dream. Ultimately, he fell victim to palace intrigue and was sent to India to serve on Portuguese naval ships.

In 1513, Magellan returned from India after seven years of service, during which he fought in several battles and sustained multiple wounds. He returned home penniless and petitioned the king for compensation for his faithful service. His request was refused, and he found himself fighting the Moors in Morocco, where he was seriously wounded by a spear. Death seemed inevitable. However, fortune favours the brave, and he survived. His only reward was the scars from his wounds. These injuries brought his military career to an end, but the king again refused to grant him any money.

An experienced sailor and nobleman, Fernão de Magalhães spent several years preparing a plan for an expedition across the Atlantic to the Spice Islands, drawing on his knowledge of the oceans and warfare. He presented the finished plan to King Manuel, who rejected it. There was a reason for this, but the king kept it a secret — it was a matter of national importance. Only the king and his viceroy in India, Vasco da Gama, knew this secret.

Having lost hope of gaining the court’s support, Magellan requested an audience with the king in 1517, which was granted.
Your Majesty, I humbly ask for your permission to seek service elsewhere, where my knowledge and experience will be valued.’
‘You are free to do as you please,’ the king replied, his mouth twisting into a poorly concealed grimace.
According to court etiquette, Fernão was supposed to kiss the king’s hand while kneeling. However, the king tucked his hands into his robes and turned his back on his vassal.
A month later, Fernão de Magalhães was on his way to Spain. Sitting in his carriage, he reflected on the fact that he was already 37 years old and had lived half his life. Looking at the blue sky, he smiled, consoling himself with the thought that his life in disgrace had finally come to an end. He was so relieved that he smiled throughout the journey.

At the end of October 1517, he arrived in Seville. Shortly afterwards, he received all the necessary papers and instructions from King Charles I, who granted him Castilian citizenship and made him his subject. From then on, he would be known as Hernando de Magallanes.

***

ROYAL CONTRACT.


Carlos I, who belonged to the Habsburg dynasty, was born in Flanders and was originally named Charles. His native language was French. His grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella, ruled the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Following Isabella’s death in 1504, her kingdoms passed to her daughter, Juana (Charles’s mother). However, his grandfather, King Ferdinand, ruled as regent. Upon his death in 1516, the young Charles inherited both Spanish kingdoms. The two kingdoms came under one crown. It would be another half-century, though, before they became known as Spain, under the reign of Carlos’s son, Philip II.

On 14 March 1516, Charles adopted the Spanish name Carlos and was proclaimed King of Castile and Aragon. The extensive Habsburg family ties throughout Europe were exploited to secure the throne for Charles. He was promised the entire Roman Empire. Already familiar with the world of behind-the-scenes politics, the young king knew that his relatives would demand compensation for their services if given the opportunity.
What young man doesn’t dream of becoming famous and achieving something that will earn him worldwide recognition? Especially if he is a king! So, when his new subject, Hernando Magellan, proposed that the eighteen-year-old King Carlos add the coveted Spice Islands to his domains, he recognized it as the perfect opportunity. Less than two weeks later, Magellan received an invitation to appear at the palace. The young king saw this as an opportunity to reward his relatives for their protection without becoming dependent on them. Here, the interests of king and explorer coincided.

Magellan had many advantages over other Spanish seafarers. Not only was he a professional navigator, but he had also served aboard the Portuguese fleet in India for seven years, becoming familiar with all the local waters. Furthermore, he had exclusive access to classified information about the navigational experiences and expeditions of all Portuguese navigators. Armed with this knowledge, he was ready to set out on his own expedition. The dizzying successes of Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus beckoned him to the open sea. Magellan knew he had everything he needed to succeed. Except money.

***

The Chamber of Commerce organized all of the Spanish monarchy’s overseas expeditions. Founded during the time of Christopher Columbus’ discoveries, the institution gradually took control of the monarchy’s entire commercial operation. No new expeditions could be undertaken without its approval. The institution’s powerful manager was Bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, a skilled palace intriguer and the ‘grey eminence’. He organised all of Columbus’s expeditions and was the royal family’s closest confidant. He wielded absolute power over the entire royal navy. It was Bishop Fonseca who undermined Columbus, who subsequently died in poverty and obscurity.
The bishop was alarmed by the arrival at court of an ambitious and proud Portuguese man favoured by the king himself. Like a hunting dog on point, Fonseca kept a close eye on Magellan, placing spies around him.

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) granted Spain territories in the Western Hemisphere, with Portugal’s holdings lying to the east of the dividing line. As the border was drawn along the ocean, the treaty has been as ‘drawn with a pitchfork in the water’.
Following Vasco da Gama’s successful expedition, Portugal colonized part of mainland India and the surrounding islands.
At that time, navigational instruments were far from perfect, so the border could only be estimated. Any attempt by Spain to claim even a tiny island in those waters could have resulted in a military conflict between the neighboring countries.

Magellan, a victim of intrigue at the Portuguese court, was skilled in persuasion and argumentation. To realise his plan, he needed the support of the bishop and the officials of the Chamber of Commerce. While pondering how to achieve this, the navigator decided to take a risk. On 20 January 1518, Magellan and his associate Faleiro arrived in Seville, the capital, and proceeded to the royal castle. The Royal Council was attended by ministers and, of course, the ever-present Bishop Fonseca. Magellan confidently informed the Chamber of Commerce that the Spice Islands were under Spanish jurisdiction and in Spanish waters. The officials heard what they wanted to hear. They accepted the sailor’s words as fact, stating: “In that case, we have the right to annul all Portuguese claims to these lands and recognize Spain’s exclusive right to trade in spices and precious stones…”

During the council meeting, the navigator was asked many questions, one of the most important concerned the planned route to the expedition’s destination. Magellan replied that his ships would sail along the coast of South America until they found a strait.
At that time, the existence of Antarctica was unknown to Europeans, and the southernmost tip of South America was a blank spot on the map. Magellan assured the ministers that he had information about this area, but that he could not reveal it for reasons of secrecy. He added that it was this secrecy that had enabled Portugal to discover and establish new colonies. This was a gamble on his part, as he had no reliable information. It was important to him to secure the approval of the Chamber’s officials, so Magellan decided to play on their selfish desires. He told the council that the expedition would take no more than two years, and that the ships would return to Spain laden with spices and jewels from the East.
His speech intrigued and won over the ministers. Even Bishop Fonseca was impressed by the sailor’s arguments. Having secured the support of the bishop and the officials, Magellan was ready to meet the king.

Magellan’s ambition at age 38 can be seen in his written petition to King Carlos. The petition read more like a list of conditions a vassal set for his sovereign. The wisdom and insight of the eighteen-year-old king in his decision is reflected in the treaty he concluded with the explorer.
Magellan requested ten years’ exclusive control of the spice trade in the islands he had discovered. He also requested trading privileges on the condition that he pay taxes on this trade to the royal treasury. Furthermore, he requested perpetual ownership of all the islands he had discovered, excluding the first six, for himself and his descendants. The first six islands were to become the property of the Spanish crown.
Magellan was concerned that, should his expedition fail, another expedition might be sent that would reveal all his secret information about the route, which he had shared only with the king. This is why he wanted guarantees that this wouldn’t happen.

The king read the sailor’s petition:
“Your requests are understandable. But aren’t they a little exaggerated?’ He admired the rings on his fingers and glanced amiably at Magellan.
“Your Majesty,” the sailor said, bowing deeply. “Forgive me if my requests were considered excessive. I accept all your wishes and instructions with gratitude and my humblest respect.’
Raising his head, he added with the utmost sincerity:
“Your Majesty, bless me for this expedition, in which I risk my life for the good of your kingdom. In my petition, as a husband and father, I merely expressed my concern for my descendants.’
‘Well, you’ve convinced us,‘ the king said after a short pause, his expression still benevolent. ‘You will receive our answer. There is one absolute requirement and one most important condition.” The monarch became serious. “Under no circumstances must you violate the demarcation terms granted to us by the Vatican’s highest decree of 1494!” With that, the king held out his hand for a kiss, indicating that the meeting was over.

Two months later, on 22 March 1518, the king’s decree was delivered to Magellan by royal mail. The package contained a contract securing the following rights and guarantees for the navigator and his partner:
You, Bachelor Ruy Faleiro and Ferdinand Magellan, gentlemen born in the Kingdom of Portugal, wish to provide us with this distinguished service by committing to discovering islands and lands rich in spices in our ocean waters, within the limits of our demarcations. We ordered this contract be drawn up to your satisfaction. Since it would be unjust to allow others to cross your path and you are undertaking this endeavor, we promise that for the next ten years, we will not grant permission for anyone to intrude upon your discoveries in the same regions.”

In the contract, the King reiterated his demand for compliance with the demarcation conditions set out in the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, insisting that Portugal’s colonial boundaries be respected. ‘You must ensure that your exploration of new lands never encroaches upon the boundaries of the most tranquil King of Portugal, our dearest uncle and brother, nor harms his interests in any way, except for the protection of our own interests, should they fall within the framework of our demarcation.’
Furthermore, the King granted the sailor a gift in the treaty that he could not have dreamed of:
“Of all the lands and islands that you discover, you will be granted a twentieth part.” You will also receive the title of Lieutenant Governor, ruling over the aforementioned lands and islands — a title for you, your sons, and your heirs forever.” However, the Supreme Authority of Governance of these lands must remain with Us and with the Kings who come after Us.”

King Carlos I granted Magellan a flotilla of five ships, each equipped with artillery and a crew, and two years’ worth of supplies. According to the royal decree, the flotilla was officially named the ‘Moluccan Armada’, after the Moluccas, also known as the Spice Islands.
The king also granted Magellan sole authority to administer justice:
“We authorize you to adjudicate conflicts and disputes between the crews of the ships entrusted to you, should such disputes arise during the expedition of the said fleet, whether at sea or on shore. You are obliged to administer justice, determine the guilt and punishment of the guilty equally, and do so without hesitation or entering into legal disputes…’

This contract was a truly royal gift, the likes of which one could only dream of! Magellan now had everything. The brevity of the orders issued demonstrated the young king’s statesmanship. After all, the king was only 18 years old at the time. Throughout his subsequent life, the monarch proved his extraordinary ability as a politician and ruler of a vast empire. Therefore, it is worth recounting.

Carlos I of Castile and Aragon, a Habsburg king, later became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. An exceptional politician and diplomat, he was the most influential statesman in Europe during the first half of the sixteenth century, making the greatest contribution to history of any ruler. He is remembered as the most powerful monarch. His empire was so vast that he quipped, “In my empire, the sun never sets.”

Charles was orphaned at an early age. His father died and his mother became mentally ill when he was only six. He lived under the protection of his aunt, Margaret of Austria, who ruled the Netherlands, for the next ten years. When he turned sixteen, he travelled to Spain to receive the sceptre from his grandfather, King Ferdinand. Through a complex web of dynastic alliances, the young king inherited vast territories in Western, Southern and Central Europe. He held more than a dozen royal crowns, ruling simultaneously as king of León, Castile, Valencia, Aragon, Galicia, Seville, Majorca, Granada, Navarre, the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Corsica, Hungary and Croatia, as well as king of Germany and Italy, and titular king of Jerusalem.

His titles were as follows: ‘Elected Emperor of Christendom and Rome, ever Augustus; Catholic King of Germany, Spain and all the kingdoms belonging to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns; the Balearic Islands; the Canary Islands; the Indies; the Antipodes of the New World; the Land of the Sea-Ocean; the Straits of the Antarctic Pole; and many other islands in the Far East and West. Archduke of Austria; Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Limburg, Luxembourg and Guelders; Count of Flanders, Artois and Burgundy; Count Palatine of Hainaut, Holland, Zealand, Namur, Roussillon and Cerdanya; Margrave of Oristania and Gothia; Sovereign of Catalonia; and King of many other European, Asian and African kingdoms.’
He was officially crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1530 by Pope Clement VII in Bologna. He became Emperor Charles V, the last emperor to be crowned by the Pope. As king and emperor, he lived such a rich and turbulent life that he grew weary of it early on. At the age of 56, he retired from public life, abdicated the throne and entered a monastery, where he spent the rest of his life. He is buried in the royal tomb at El Escorial.
The reason why this great politician and emperor of a vast empire retired at the height of his power and passed the crown to his son, Philip II, remains unknown.

PALACE INTRIGUES.

Spies rode sweating horses to deliver news of Magellan’s impending expedition to Portugal. There, the news sent shockwaves through the royal court. The courtiers had recently forced the nobleman to seek a new homeland, but now they had forgotten this fact. Instead, they were accusing Magellan of treachery and betrayal. King Manuel, who had humiliated Magellan for two decades, now plotted to lure the sailor back. He instructed his ambassador, Álvaro da Costa, to promise Magellan royal favor and full support for the expedition. Magellan, who was skilled in political deception, knew that prison, torture and death awaited him in Portugal. He refused the ambassador, informing him that he had sworn an oath to the King of Spain and was henceforth loyal to him. Magellan also pointed out that, during their last meeting, the king had released him from all obligations to the Portuguese crown.
Following Magellan’s refusal, da Costa feared falling into his king’s disfavour by failing to fulfil his most important mission. Therefore, the schemer decided to discredit the navigator in the eyes of his new sovereign. He requested an audience with King Carlos, during which he vilified Magellan as a traitor to his homeland, in an attempt to persuade the king to deport the sailor. After listening to the ambassador, King Carlos replied with a smirk:

‘Our subject, the navigator Magellan, is not a traitor to his homeland because he left with the permission of your king. He does not plan to conduct an expedition in the waters of your kingdom. He plans to conduct it in waters belonging to our kingdom…”

Da Costa was prevaricating. In a letter to King Manuel, he lied by writing, ‘Despite all my efforts, Your Majesty, the insignificant fugitives Magellan and Faleiru expressed a desire to return; however, King Carlos persuaded them not to…’
In reporting on King Carlos, the ambassador probably forgot that the two kings were related. Furthermore, at that time, King Manuel of Portugal was preparing to marry Leonor, the sister of King Carlos of Spain.
The two kings conversed and shared their concerns. Da Costa, the informant, was expelled from Spain. To put an end to the resulting diplomatic uproar, King Carlos ordered the Chamber of Commerce to begin preparations for the expedition without delay. Concerned for Magellan’s safety, the king ordered his secret service to protect the explorer. Magellan was ordered to go to the ships of the flotilla immediately and ensure that the expedition set sail as soon as possible.
Beyond the machinations of the Portuguese king, who was eager to destroy his disgraced former nobleman, Magellan found himself between a rock and a hard place, becoming the object of Bishop Fonseca’s envy at the court of the King of Spain. The generous terms of the royal contract granted to the navigator kept the bishop up at night, and he used all his scheming skills to minimize the benefits granted to the sailor by the king.

The cunning Fonseca plotted to destroy the alliance between the two friends and like-minded partners. He began by attempting to persuade the king that the two Portuguese commanders of the expedition, Magellan and Faleiru, had only recently arrived in the country and would therefore be unable to serve as diplomats and representatives of the Spanish Crown during meetings with officials from other countries throughout the flotilla’s journey. Having received tacit consent from the king, the bishop requested that a trusted inspector be appointed to the expedition. This inspector would ensure compliance with the king’s instructions, oversee all of Magellan’s trade operations and send reports directly to the king. Of course, Fonseca omitted to mention that the king would only receive copies of these reports.
Fonseca recommended his nephew, Juan de Cartagena, for the position, assuring the king of his competence. However, everyone in the king’s entourage knew that the ‘nephew’ was actually the bishop’s illegitimate son, who was merely an accountant with no knowledge beyond arithmetic. The young King Carlos knew nothing of de Cartagena’s competence or experience and simply entrusted the assignment to the bishop.

Following the humiliating expulsion of his diplomat from Spain, King Manuel continued to try to prevent the expedition. This time, he sent a spy named Sebastião Álvares to assist Bishop Fonseca in disrupting the alliance between Magellan and Faleiro.
Ruy Faleiro was an astronomer and navigator who shared Magellan’s vision. Drawing on his knowledge and the experience of Portuguese sailors, he crafted navigational instruments for the expedition himself, including astrolabes and quadrants. He obtained secret maps and plotted the expedition’s route on them. Faleiro equipped the expedition’s ships with all the necessary navigational equipment and instruments, including 35 magnetic compasses of his own design, in addition to the 15 he had purchased.
The spy, Sebastião Álvares, exploited the bishop’s dislike of Magellan by spreading rumours about Faleiro’s alleged mental instability. Upon receiving this incriminating evidence, the bishop hurried to the king, begging His Highness to commission a medical examination. He argued that the progress of the expedition would be unpredictable if commanded by a madman. The examination was conducted and falsified to suit the bishop. By royal decree, Ruy Faleiro was removed from the expedition and sent ashore. The bishop’s trusted accountant, Juan Cartagena, was appointed in his place as astronomer-navigator and vice-admiral.

Juan Cartagena’s dual appointment as royal inspector and vice-admiral meant that he had the power to overrule Admiral Magellan’s decisions. The accountant got his powers so extensive that he effectively acted as commander of the expedition. While Magellan was busy preparing the ships, Cartagena spent his time with the bishop, receiving detailed instructions on sabotage and how to ensure the expedition failed. The Chamber of Commerce, which was responsible for preparing ocean expeditions, equipped the ships with everything they needed, including a crew. Bishop Fonseca used his influence to appoint his loyal supporters as captains of two of the flotilla’s ships. From that point on, at any captains’ council, three out of the five opposed Magellan’s decisions.

Finally, in September 1519, after twelve months of preparing the ships and navigating official intrigue, the Moluccan Armada was ready to depart from Seville. Before setting sail, a mass was celebrated for the crews of the five ships in the flotilla at the local Cathedral of Santa María de la Victoria. An envoy from King Carlos presented Magellan with the royal flag. Magellan took this to be a sign of the king’s complete trust. Kneeling, he swore that all his thoughts and aspirations were dedicated to the glory of Spain and its king.
Meanwhile, back home, King Manuel of Portugal reacted with vicious fury. He ordered the persecution of all of Magellan’s relatives. Vandals tore the noble coat of arms from the gates of their family estate and trampled it into the ground. Relatives, including small children, were stoned. In order to save their lives, they were forced to flee the country and seek asylum in a foreign land.

THIS WAS THE WILL OF THE ALMIGHTY.

Five ships of the Maluku Armada — the Trinidad, the Santiago, the Concepción, the San Antonio and the Victoria — travelled down the River Guadalquivir from Seville to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, setting sail on 20 September 1519. Bishop Fonseca’s misdeeds became apparent from the outset, when leaks were discovered in the ships purchased by his Chamber of Commerce. Despite the sailors working the pumps, the vessels were worn out, with rotten wood beneath the fresh paint. The Chamber also supplied the expedition with substandard food, including worm-infested flour. Therefore, the admiral decided to purchase fresh provisions and repair the ships’ hulls in the Canary Islands.

Favourable winds enabled them to reach Tenerife on the sixth day and enter the harbour. Eager to profit from wholesale orders, the local merchants were inventive with their invoices, adding fictitious items and including damaged goods. Magellan had to count the crates personally and check the quality of the provisions they had purchased. Meanwhile, a mail boat arrived from Spain to deliver the post. Fonseca’s vassals and spies, of whom there were many on the expedition, received new instructions.
Magellan also received a letter from his father-in-law, who had been left behind with their young son. Magellan’s father-in-law respected him and was his true friend. In the letter, he warned Magellan about Fonseca’s schemes and a potential mutiny, urging him to be vigilant, cautious, and not to trust anyone. He also informed Magellan that the King of Portugal had sent warships to arrest him and bring him back to Portugal. This echoed the actions of King João II, whose ships had chased Columbus.

Magellan abandoned his work and summoned his captains to a meeting. There were two known routes to the shores of South America. The first led southwest to the coast of Brazil. The second route featured favourable currents and winds, and led to the Cape Verde Islands via the western coast of Africa. This route was more appealing. However, the Spaniards were pursued by Portuguese ships along the entire western coast of Africa. Bishop Fonseca urged his confidant, Cartagena, to persuade the admiral to take this route and thus provoke Magellan into violating the Vatican’s verdict, which had awarded those waters to Portugal. The bishop wanted Magellan to be arrested by the Portuguese, chained up and sent to stand trial before King Manuel, even if it meant the end of the expedition.

AAt that time, due to the lack of reliable charts and navigational instruments, captains did not risk sailing at night, instead waiting out the darkness in ports or drifting if the weather permitted. However, during a council meeting, Magellan ordered his captains to sail day and night The Armada left the Canary Islands at midnight on 3 October, setting a course due south. The admiral led the ships on an unknown third route to evade pursuit. When an agent of the Bishop of Cartagena objected to this decision, Magellan told him not to ask questions. Magellan was laconic and categorical. He was the only person aware of the King of Portugal’s hostile intentions, and he kept the captains ignorant of the reason for his decision in order to avoid rumours or panic on board the ships.

Out in the open ocean, the ships were hit immediately by relentless storms. At times, the situation became so critical that the sailors stood by with axes, ready to cut down the masts if necessary. This continued for several weeks until the stormy winds gave way to equatorial calm. The ships’ hulls, battered by the waves, were in a deplorable state. Magellan ordered rations to be reduced and the sailors suffered from the heat and lack of drinking water. At the next council meeting, Cartagena showed further disrespect by breaking protocol and addressing the admiral as ‘captain’ instead of ‘admiral’. He blamed Magellan for both the storms and the calm. In front of everyone, he arrogantly declared that he had equal rights to the admiral and refused to obey his orders. The
The official accountant forgot that he was dealing with a professional sailor and warrior who made tough decisions yet was fair in his assessment of those who carried them out. Furthermore, Magellan had been authorised by the king to administer justice alone. The door swung open and officers entered the cabin, sabres drawn.

‘This is treason! In the name of the King, I strip you of all ranks. You are my prisoner!” The admiral ordered the arrest of Cartagena, who was taken to the deck and tied to the torture rack. His accomplices, Captains Mendoza and Quesada, begged for forgiveness and declared their loyalty to the admiral. They begged not to execute Cartagena, but to keep him under house arrest instead. Although the royal contract required Magellan ‘to administer justice without hesitation or legal dispute’, he took pity on the traitor. Thus, the sting remained. Magellan handed the disgraced Cartagena over to Captain Mendoza.

The troubles didn’t end there. The admiral discovered that Solomon, the sail-master of the Victoria, who was from Sicily, had been caught sodomizing his steward. Under Spanish law, homosexuality was punishable by death. Solomon was chained up until they arrived at the first port, where he was due to be executed. The victim of his liaisons disappeared. Whether he jumped overboard or was helped remains unknown.

Soon, the wind picked up and the ships set course for South America. The admiral had a pilot who was familiar with the area. In mid-December 1519, the Armada ships entered Santa Lucia Bay. Through the heavy rain, buildings on the shore could be seen. Portuguese Rio de Janeiro lay before the sailors. The flagship, the Trinidad, dropped anchor, followed by the others.

(Translation in progress)

В НОВОМ СВЕТЕ.


После того как Тордесильясский Договор 1494 года разделил мировой океан и все земли в нем между Португалией и Испанией, часть континента Южной Америки досталась Португалии. Через пять лет там побывал первый европеец и это был испанский мореплаватель Аньес Пейзано. Вслед за ним туда пришли португальцы и Педро Альварес Кабрал составил первые карты и лоции побережья. Долгое время земля была без названия. В поисках чем бы поживиться, колонизаторы обнаружили много ароматных и маслянистых деревьев, древесина которых была темно-красного, почти черного цвета. Они дали земле название Brazil, от слова «braza», так называли черный уголь.
В 1502 году в тех землях побывал Америго Веспуччи. Его описания флоры и фауны, а также быта туземцев представляют интерес: «..Эта земля покрыта вечнозелеными ароматными фруктовыми деревьями, плоды которых невероятно полезны. Их поля и горные долины полны ароматных цветов, корни, если пить отвар из них, излечивают от всех болезней… если есть рай земной, то он где-то близко…» – восторженно писал итальянец. Он живописно рассказал о быте и нравах туземцев: «…В их жизни отсутствуют законы, нет частной собственности, все имущество общее. Их земли не разделены между племенами, у них нет королей, каждый сам себе король. Мужчины проделывают дырки в губах и щеках и вставляют в них кости или камни, для устрашения врагов. Они воинственны и когда нет внешнего врага, дерутся между собой. Все они каннибалы, взятых в плен мужчин съедают или делают рабами, женщин делают своими наложницами и женами. За любую провинность они бьют своих жен, которых у каждого несколько. Либо съедают своих рабов и жен, вместе с детьми, которых она им нарожала…». Это были индейцы племени Гуарани, низкорослые и толстые. Их оружием были луки, копья и духовые трубки, через которые они плевали во врага отравленными стрелами.

В экспедиции Магеллана тоже был итальянец, пассажир Антонио Пигафетта. Он быстро схватывал местные наречия, общался с аборигенами, вел путевые дневники. Согласно его записям, туземцы отдавали своих дочерей морякам, обменивая их на ножи и рыболовные крючки. По ночам моряки развлекались на пляжном песке, устраивая пьяные оргии, в которых девицы были общими. Из дневника Пигафетты: «…В один день местная красотка пришла к нам на корабль. Ее внимание привлек гвоздь, величиной с палец. Схватив его, девица проткнула им губы своего влагалища и низко согнувшись, быстро ретировалась, унося свою добычу таким варварским способом. Объяснение ее поступку было позже найдено. У индейцев Гуарани все металлические предметы были оружием, ценились дороже золота, а может и самой жизни…».

Один из моряков, соблазненный местной женщиной, сбежал. Магеллан послал матросов на поиски дезертира. Того разыскали, притащили на корабль и заперли в клетку, лишив берега на все время стоянки. Адмирал дал указание своим прелатам служить мессы на берегу, чтобы как-то дисциплинировать моряков. Местные туземцы охотно падали на колени вместе с европейцами, подпевали псалмы и хлопали в ладоши. Они были уверены что пришельцы явились с неба, ибо их корабли пришли вместе с дождем. В один из дней декабря состоялась казнь над педофилом Соломоном. Палач, чье лицо было скрыто капюшоном, под устрашающий грохот барабанов удавил гомосексуалиста, перед выстроенными экипажами кораблей.

К Рождеству корабли были починены и обеспечены провиантом, адмирал отдал приказ готовиться к выходу в море. Капитаном «Сан Антонио» был назначен Альваро де Мескита. После отстранения Картахены, кораблем временно командовал некто де Соса. Теперь, оскорбленный смещением, он стал сообщником Картахены, находившегося под арестом. Две недели веселой стоянки закончились драмой расставания. Адмирал приказал тщательно обыскать все корабли. В результате были обнаружены несколько девиц, которых спровадили на берег. Флотилия покидала бухту под плач и причитания десятков женщин, следовавших за кораблями в своих каноэ, умоляя моряков остаться с ними, навсегда.

Армада шла на юг, вскоре кораблям стали встречаться коварные мелководья и рифы. Ночами стояли на якоре и продолжали движение с рассветом. Через две недели на траверзе Монтевидео их настиг сильный шторм. По преданию первый европейский моряк, увидев с мачты горы на горизонте, вскричал «Монте виде ео..!». Я вижу горы!
Магеллан увёл корабли в залив Ла Плата. Залив был широким и уходил далеко на запад. Капитаны поначалу приняли его за искомый проход в Южное море. Уступая их просьбам, Магеллан на корабле «Сан Антонио» направился на юг Ла-Платы, а верного ему капитана Серрано на легком «Сантьяго» послал вверх по течению реки. Но рукава рек, впадавших в залив, сужались и мельчали, вода в них была пресной, без признаков течения с запада. После трех недель безуспешных поисков оба корабля вернулись и в первую неделю февраля Молуккская Армада продолжила путь на юг.
В тяжелых непрерывных штормах и условиях плохой видимости корабли пересекли сороковой градус южной широты. Магеллан вел корабли прижимаясь к берегу, надеясь увидеть разрыв горной гряды. Он предчувствовал что пролив где-то рядом, кружил, возвращался, затем снова брал курс на юг. 13 февраля «Виктория» ударилась о морское дно. Им повезло, это были не камни, но мягкий грунт, корпус корабля выдержал. Однако это вынудило их вести корабли мористее. Штормы и дожди затягивали горизонт пеленой и Магеллан, опасаясь пропустить вход в пролив, рисковал, лавируя между отмелями и рифами. Ночи были жуткими, с ревом ветра и тяжелыми волнами, бившими в борта. Моряки молили небо о спасении, святые отцы пели псалмы.

Через десять дней корабли вошли в залив Сан-Матиас. Адмирал обследовал берега залива и принял решение перезимовать в нем, дождаться спокойного океана. Магеллан собрал экипажи кораблей на берегу. Перед собой он видел изнуренные лишениями и штормами лица. Все были измучены вшами в грязной одежде, которую невозможно было выстирать в ледяной морской воде, тараканами и крысиными экскрементами в гнилой пище. Моряки роптали, раздавались призывы возвращаться в Испанию. Мало у кого оставалась надежда увидеть желанный проход в теплые моря. Адмирал напомнил морякам о том, что экспедицию послал сам король, он призывал их исполнить клятву данную монарху, закончить этот поход во славу своего отечества. Ему удалось успокоить моряков. Но ненадолго.
В последний день марта корабли бросили якоря в бухте, названной Магелланом именем святого Хулиана. Бухта была глубокой, в ее водах оказалось много рыбы, а на скалистых берегах моряки увидели много пингвинов и жирных моржей, которые годились для пропитания. Планируя длительную стоянку Магеллан сократил дневной рацион, и без того скудный. Если бы он знал, что от желанного пролива его отделяют всего несколько дней пути, то продолжил бы плавание. И избежал бы того, что случилось.


МЯТЕЖ

День 1 апреля был праздником Пасхи. Магеллан пригласил своих капитанов к мессе и скромной трапезе. Однако никто из приглашенных не явился, сославшись на нездоровье. Это насторожило адмирала и он приказал команде флагмана быть в повышенной готовности. Ночью на трех кораблях армады вспыхнул бунт. Бунтовщиками командовали Картахена, Мендоса, Квесада, все те, кто демонстрировал Магеллану свою заносчивость с первых дней плавания и кто позже клялся ему в верности. Склонив на свою сторону несколько десятков офицеров и матросов, мятежники захватили три корабля, разоружив экипажи. Командовавший кораблем «Сантьяго» капитан Хуан Серрано отказался выступить на стороне мятежников и те, чтобы не поднимать шум, решили отложить расправу над непокорным.
Утро наступившего дня не предвещало ничего необычного. Корабли застыли на якорях, их палубы казались безлюдными. Магеллан послал шлюпку на «Сан-Антонио», которым командовал его доверенный капитан Мескита. Шлюпка вернулась с письмом, в котором мятежники уведомляли адмирала, что отныне Хуан де Картахена снова является капитаном корабля. Далее следовал ультиматум адмиралу возвращаться в Испанию. Магеллан решил убедиться, насколько серьезны намерения бунтовщиков. Он послал им приглашение явиться на борт флагмана, для совещания. В ответ ему было предложено сделать это на борту «Сан-Антонио». К удивлению бунтовщиков, адмирал согласился.

Магеллан понимал грозившую ему опасность. Три из пяти кораблей флотилии были захвачены и их экипажи разделяли настроения мятежников. Адмирал решил прибегнуть к хитрости. Он послал шлюпку с делегацией к кораблю «Виктория», надеясь что капитан Мендоса, не так давно клявшийся ему в верности, образумится. На тот случай если Мендоса не согласится у адмирала был второй вариант.
Перед посадкой в шлюпку пять его доверенных моряков получили инструкцию склонить мятежного капитана к капитуляции, а если воспротивится – убить его. В одеждах моряков было спрятано оружие. Шлюпка приближалась к борту «Виктории» и пока все внимание экипажа корабля было приковано к делегации, Магеллан послал вторую шлюпку с пятнадцатью вооруженными моряками, в подмогу первой. Эта, не привлекая внимания, обошла мятежный корабль с другого борта и быстро к нему приближалась.
Согласно сохранившимся записям свидетеля той сцены, капитан Мендоса позволил делегации подняться на борт, где ему было вручено предложение адмирала сдаться. Мендоса расхохотался и выбросил ультиматум за борт. В следующую секунду в его хохочущий рот вонзился кинжал, второй моряк своим оружием размозжил ему голову. Мендоса был мертв, и тут моряки подоспевшей второй шлюпки бросились на абордаж. Напуганные натиском мятежники не оказывали сопротивления и на мачте «Виктории» взвился флаг адмирала.
Теперь «Тринидад», «Сантьяго» с лояльным адмиралу капитаном Серрано и отбитый у мятежников «Виктория», заблокировали выход из бухты для двух оставшихся мятежных кораблей. Ситуация изменилась в пользу Магеллана и он ожидал что бунтовщики осознают это. Но Картахена и Квесада упрямились. Они отвели захваченные ими корабли «Сан Антонио» и «Консепсьон» вглубь бухты, где встали на один якорь, борт к борту. Вероятно мятежники планировали прорываться из бухты ночью. Они плохо знали своего адмирала.

Магеллан решил заманить мятежников в западню, используя ночной отлив. В тумане ночи посланная им шлюпка незаметно подкралась к «Консепсьону» и якорный канат был перерезан острыми ножами. Пока капитан Квесада, собрав своих подельников, давал им инструкции к прорыву из бухты, оба корабля, увлекаемые отливом, уже медленно дрейфовали к выходу из нее. Там их приготовились встретить. Когда Квесада отдал команду выбирать якорь, его матросы вытащили на палубу лишь обрубок каната.
В минуты, когда дрейфующие «Консепсьон» и «Сан Антонио» приблизились к флагману, по мятежникам был дан залп шрапнелью и Магеллан отдал команду на абордаж. Матросы прыгали на палубы захваченных бунтовщиками кораблей, с саблями наголо. Но обошлось без жертв, сам Квесада был арестован. Не нюхавший в жизни пороха перепуганный счетовод Картахена сдался адмиралу, не оказывая сопротивления. Оба зачинщика были закованы в цепи и посажены в клетку.
Магеллан был взбешен мятежом и на следующий день моряки экспедиции узнали, что их адмирал в ярости может быть страшнее самого страшного шторма.


МЕСТЬ АДМИРАЛА.


В экипажах кораблей были отважные и преданные адмиралу моряки и благодаря им Магеллану удалось справиться с бунтом. Но были и преступники, такие сбегали в море, спасаясь от тюрьмы. Закон давал им право выбора и они этим правом воспользовались. Нанявшись в экспедицию, они планировали сбежать при удобном случае. Наслушавшись историй о заморских богатствах, они намеревались остаться в жарких странах, спасаясь от кредиторов. Эти личности с мутным прошлым и оказались пособниками бунтовщиков.
Магеллану было нелегко набрать экипажи в Испании, ибо он был португальцем, ему не доверяли, подозревая в двойной игре. Торговая Палата и ее глава епископ Фонсека отправили на его корабли всякий сброд. За месяцы плавания Магеллан успел убедиться в этом не раз. Теперь он решил расправой над мятежниками устрашить этот сброд и выветрить из их мозгов любую мысль о бунте.
Семь лет сражений в колониях Индии, в битвах с персами Морокко, полученные ранения и опыт боевых операций сделали Магеллана бесстрашным воином, презиравшим смерть и ценившим свою честь как высшую награду судьбы. В его военные годы изменников казнили четвертованием, привязывали к хвостам лошадей, разрывая предателей на части. То были годы инквизиции в Испании, когда сжигание на кострах и четвертование были публичными казнями, собирали толпы народа. Публичная казнь преступника – лучший урок для тех, кто задумал грязное дело.

Магеллан выстроил всех моряков на палубе своего флагмана. Он зачитал приговор изменникам и приказал отрубить голову мертвому предателю Мендосе. Затем, обезглавленное тело привязали за конечности к двум мачтам и брашпилем труп был разорван на части. Настал черед остальных. Адмирал приказал пытать изменников, вырвать из их глоток признания, а из их голов корни мятежа. Им ломали кости на дыбе и резали плоть. Так были выявлены еще несколько, среди них навигатор-астроном Мартин. Этот тоже был доверенным лицом епископа, им Фонсека подменил смещенного Рюи Фалейру, партнера мореплавателя. Когда за астрономом пришли, тот выбросил за борт навигационные карты, на которых вероятно вершил свой злой умысел, препятствуя планам Магеллана. Он умер под пытками.

Гаспар Квесада выдал своего сообщника Луиса де Молино. Этому де Молино адмирал предложил выбор: казнить Квесаду или быть казненным вместе с ним. На палубе флагмана «Тринидад», перед всем экипажем, де Молино отрубил голову своему патрону. Тело Квесады четвертовали, разорвали на куски. Были выявлены еще пособники и участники бунта. Они все заслуживали смертной казни, но Магеллан, нуждавшийся в матросах, оставил их в живых. Пленников содержали в кандалах, их рацион сделали минимальным, они исполняли самые тяжелые работы, связанные со смертельным риском.
Магеллан приказал выставить останки тел мятежников на берегу, на высоких кольях, в назидание тем, кто вздумает повторить попытку. Вымазанные корабельной смолой чтобы их не пожрали птицы, останки изменников еще долго оставались там.

Решимость, с какой Магеллан подавил мятеж, утвердила его абсолютный авторитет, а жестокость расправы с зачинщиками исключила проявления недовольства в будущем. В ожидании весны, адмирал занялся ремонтом своего потрепанного флота. Содержимое трюмов и камни килевого балласта кораблей были вытащены на берег. Дерево корпусов тщательно промывалось уксусом, щели конопатились и заливались смолой, после чего балласт возвращался на место. Эти тяжелые работы выполняли штрафники, принимавшие участие в мятеже.
Все запасы провизии подверглись проверке, и эта предусмотрительность адмирала спасла многих моряков от голодной смерти в дальнейшем. В ходе ревизии выявились мошенничества чиновников Торговой Палаты; бочки с солониной были наполовину заполнены костями животных. Обещанного на два года провианта едва хватило бы на год. Магеллан отправил часть моряков на охоту и мясо добытых ими моржей, а также пойманная рыба засаливались выпаренной из морской воды солью.
Однако и эта прибавка к рациону не была существенной, таявшие запасы провианта подталкивали Магеллана к действиям.

В начале мая на поиск пролива был отправлен «Сантьяго», которым командовал верный Серрано. Они спустились на 70 миль к югу, где их настиг шквал. Волны сломали руль и выбросили корабль на скалы. «Сантьяго» был разбит в щепки, 37 моряков чудом спаслись. От корабля не осталось ничего, океан сожрал все… Они возвращались по суше, питаясь мясом ракушек и корнями растений. Путь им преградила глубоководная река. В ней было много рыбы и они выжили, питаясь ею. Капитан Серрано назвал ту реку именем Святого Круза. Суеверные моряки, моля небо о спасении полагались только на чудо, поэтому все те места они называли именами своих святых, моля их о защите. Они связали из поваленных деревьев плот и отправили на нем двоих, за помощью. Еще через неделю те добрались к месту зимовки кораблей и Магеллан снарядил отряд спасателей. Вскоре измученные моряки погибшего «Сантьяго» были спасены и вернулись назад к кораблям.

В лишениях и борьбе за выживание прошли еще два месяца и однажды моряки увидели на берегу огромную фигуру человека. Он не проявлял агрессии и привел с собой племя. Все туземцы были высокого роста, до двух с половиной метров, включая женщин. Спасая ноги от обморожения, они обматывали ступни сухой травой и Магеллан дал им название от испанского patacones (большие собачьи лапы). Отсюда позже вся местность получила название Патагония.
Поначалу отношения были дружественными, туземцы учили пришельцев охотиться на диких животных; привязывая к дереву пойманного детеныша зверя, они ждали в засаде, пока его жалобные мычания привлекут взрослых особей, убивая затем этих своими стрелами. Однако, между двумя мирами конфликт всегда неизбежен и однажды индейцы напали на моряков и убили одного отравленной стрелой. На том дружба и кончилась. К тому времени закончилась и зима, прекратились бури и штормы. Отремонтированные корабли были готовы продолжать плавание и в августе 1520 года флотилия покинула бухту Сан Хулиан.

Оставался зачинщик мятежа Хуан де Картахена. В ходе допросов выяснилось, что его сообщником в заговоре был некий Педро Санчес де ла Рейна, священник. Этот был французом и принял испанское имя, чтоб команда ему доверяла больше. У адмирала была сложная ситуация. Он не мог казнить священника, наказание монаха было прерогативой церкви. Он не стал казнить и Картахену, побочного сына епископа Фонсеки. Магеллан принял решение высадить этих двоих на берег. Они были высажены на малый островок, на котором не было даже сушняка, чтоб развести костер. Им оставили немного провизии, достаточной, чтобы просуществовать пару месяцев. Несчастные молили о пощаде до тех пор, пока паруса четырех кораблей не скрылись за горизонтом. У них был выбор – замерзнуть в холоде, или попытаться добраться до суши и стать добычей голодных каннибалов, которыми кишели те места.


ПРОЛИВ ВСЕХ СВЯТЫХ.

Пройдя десятки миль на юг корабли Молуккской Армады попали в тяжелый шторм. В тех местах погиб их корабль «Сантьяго» и Магеллан последовал совету капитана Серрано, увел флот по глубоководной реке Санта Крус, как можно дальше от свирепствовавшего океана. Как оказалось, зима еще не кончилась. В реке была рыба, в лесах зверьё и они решили там дождаться лета. За шесть недель они пополнили запасы мяса, заготовили вяленой рыбы и Магеллан снова вывел корабли в океан. Это был день 18 октября 1520 года, католический праздник Святой Урсулы, когда за очередным мысом взорам моряков открылся широкий залив, уходящий за горизонт.
Тот мыс Магеллан назвал Мысом Одиннадцати Тысяч Девственниц. Воды залива оказались глубокими и чистыми и корабли продолжили движение вглубь. Вскоре залив стал сужаться, они встретили встречное течение с запада. Скалистые берега казались безжизненными, их склоны были покрыты льдом и редким кустарником. Мокрые отметки на скалах показывали пугающую цифру колебаний прилива в 7 метров, глубина под килем была бездонной. В накрывшей их темноте корабли двигались с минимумом парусов, матросы на палубах освещали путь факелами, готовые в любой момент столкнуться с опасностью.

С рассветом они оказались в огромной, шириной в несколько миль лагуне, в которой были острова. У берегов одного из них корабли встали на якорь, для короткого отдыха. Навигаторы и астрономы вычерчивали карту, стараясь наносить на неё все, что видели их глаза. Флотилия продолжила движение на запад и вскоре лагуна закончилась еще одним сужением, в котором вода оказалась такой ледяной, что упавший за борт не прожил бы в ней долго. Со скалистых ледников сползали или срывались глыбы льда. Одна такая глыба, упади она на палубу, похоронила бы корабль в считанные минуты. Место наполняло души моряков страхом и холодом.
Дни становились длиннее, туманы были такими густыми что их не пробивали лучи солнца. Ночами мгла затягивала небо и было невозможно определить координаты по светилу, лишь компас указывал им направление. Иногда небо прояснялось и видя в разрывах туч горящее над головой созвездие Южного Креста, Магеллан принимал его за благословение Высшего Божества.

Они снова оказались в широкой лагуне. По правому борту тянулись заснеженные вершины гор. Ночью на левом берегу моряки увидели много огней, которые они поначалу приняли за костры аборигенов. Но днем местность была совершенно безлюдной, это оказались огни лесных пожаров, зажженных молниями. Магеллан назвал те места Огненной Землей. Пролив уходил на юго-запад и в том направлении корабли шли еще несколько дней, останавливаясь на ночь в укромных бухтах, которых вдоль берега к счастью оказалось множество. Вскоре перед ними открылось раздвоение пролива, два водных рукава уходили за горизонт. Не зная какой из них верный, Магеллан отправил на разведку корабль «Сан Антонио», которым командовал его кузен Альваро де Мескита. Остальные корабли остались ждать, на якорях.
Два дня прошли в ожидании и налетевший штормовой ветер вынудил их искать убежище. Корабли укрылись в бухте, названной ими Ломас Бэй, но разбушевавшаяся стихия грозила выбросить их на скалы, пришлось уходить назад в лагуну, подальше от берега, ставшего опасным. Сплошной дождь закрыл горизонт и ветер выл в снастях, забрасывая корабли ледяной пеной. Они ждали возвращения «Сан Антонио», но дни шли, а их товарищи не возвращались. Все думали что корабль погиб. Но он не погиб. Он был похищен.


Перед тем, как послать «Сан Антонио» в разведку, Магеллан созвал капитанов на совет. В экипаже каждого корабля был пилот-навигатор, деливший с капитаном вахты, работавший с картами и инструментами для вычисления координат, определения места корабля. Эти помощники всегда присутствовали на совете, но без права голоса. Пилотом «Сан Антонио» был португалец Эштеван Гомеш, профессиональные качества которого сам Магеллан оценивал выше других.
В 1517 году Гомеш уехал из Португалии в Испанию, одновременно с Магелланом. Он был капитаном у себя на родине и получив испанскую лицензию, стал пилотом в экспедиции Магеллана. Опытный навигатор, он ревниво ценил свой опыт, не довольствуясь позицией пилота. Но на испанском корабле капитаном мог быть только испанец. Португалец мог рассчитывать лишь на место помощника. Магеллан в этом оказался исключением, ибо ни один испанский мореплаватель не предложил своему королю то, что предложил ему португальский моряк.

На совете амбициозный Гомеш высказал свое мнение. Он предлагал вернуться в Испанию и переоснастить экспедицию. Он убеждал, говоря что главная задача экспедиции была достигнута, они нашли пролив. Но в ходе поисков пролива корабли и экипажи флотилии претерпели такие лишения, что предстоящее путешествие в неизвестный океан, со скудными запасами провианта, на протекавших кораблях было неоправданной авантюрой. Безусловно, в его аргументах звучал здравый смысл. Его позицию разделяли другие моряки. Но все помнили недавнюю расправу адмирала с мятежниками, поэтому молчали.

Решение осталось за тем, у кого была власть. Магеллан закрыл совет, сказав что будет продолжать поход, даже если морякам придется жевать кожу своих ремней и сапог. Они не знали того, что знал их адмирал. Магеллан помнил козни могущественного Фонсеки. Он понимал что если они вернутся епископ не промедлит найти способ расправиться с ним за смерть своего фаворита Хуана Картахены. И в этом случае о повторной экспедиции Магеллану пришлось бы забыть.

На отправленном в разведку корабле «Сан Антонио» случилось вот что. Большинство моряков были за возвращение и в команде зрело недовольство. Вспыхнула ссора между капитаном Мескита и пилотом Гомешом. Кончилось поножовщиной, раненый капитан стал пленником, а раненый Гомеш, воспользовавшись штормом и густым дождем, увел «Сан Антонио» незамеченным из пролива в Атлантику. Они бежали назад, в Испанию. На борту «Сан Антонио» находились основные запасы провианта. Теперь они были утеряны.

Шторм наконец утих, Магеллан отправил на разведку бот. Вернувшись через трое суток, разведчики сообщили что обнаружили впереди огромное водное пространство.
Под командованием адмирала оставались три корабля. После всего что случилось, Магеллан понимал, что по возвращению ему придется держать ответ перед своим королем за потерянные корабли, доказывать правоту своих действий в подавлении мятежа, оправдываться, чтобы не впасть в немилость. Магеллану были нужны письменные доказательства его преданности монарху. Он также осознавал, что корни мятежа не выкорчеваны и теперь они давали новые ростки. Кораблем «Консепсьон» командовал преданный ему Хуан Серрано, но капитан третьего корабля «Виктория», Дуарте Барбоса, не внушал доверия; на последнем совете своим молчанием он явно поддерживал позицию изменника Гомеша.

Перед тем как продолжить экспедицию, Магеллан снова созвал капитанов на совет. Он вручил Барбосе и его офицерам ноту:
«..Я, Фердинанд Магеллан, Рыцарь Ордена Сантьяго и Адмирал Молуккской Армады, которую Его Величество Король Испании снарядил и послал на поиски Островов Пряностей, и далее… прочее… Я уведомляю Вас Дуарте Барбоса, капитан корабля «Виктория», а также ваших пилотов и боцманов в том, что я осведомлен о ваших сомнениях в успехе нашей экспедиции…».
Далее адмирал уведомлял капитана «Виктории» о своем абсолютном решении достичь цели похода и ставил ему ультиматум – высказать в письменной форме преданность своему королю и наделенному полномочиями его адмиралу, либо обосновать свои сомнения в достижении цели экспедиции, если таковые имелись. Адмирал напоминал Барбосе о наказании, которое понесли зачинщики мятежа и предупреждал, что сомнения в его адмиральском решении могут быть расценены как измена клятве королю. Свою ноту адмирал заканчивал тем, что его решение о лояльности экипажа «Виктории» будет принято на основании полученных ответов.
Адмиральская нота была датирована 21 ноября 1520 года, написана в Проливе Всех Святых (так его назвал Магеллан), в бухте Рио де Ла Ислета, на 53-м градусе широты.

Само собой разумеется, офицеры «Виктории» в своем ответе выразили адмиралу свое полное повиновение. Возможно они были напуганы жестокостью расправы над зачинщиками мятежа и потому не были искренними. Не верил в их искренность и сам Магеллан.

Откровенный, искренний и смелый ответ адмирал получил от главного астронома Армады Андреаса де Сан Мартина. В те времена наука кораблевождения основывалась на предсказаниях астрономов и веру в Божий Промысел. Практическая навигация была вторичной и опиралась на карты и лоции уже исследованных берегов. Перед кораблями Магеллана лежали абсолютно неизведанные воды, никто из моряков не знал, что их ждет впереди. Поэтому Главный Астроном Армады был личностью с абсолютным авторитетом. Как доверяются умелой гадалке предсказывающей судьбу по картам, так вверяли свои жизни корабельному астроному, предсказывавшему курс по звездам.
В те века, в монарших домах всех государств, придворный звездочет, как никто другой, имел возможность смело выразить свое мнение в предсказании тех или иных событий, без опасения впасть в немилость, даже если события имели иной конец. Все неведомое страшит, потому религиозным монархам, умевший читать их судьбу по звездам, внушал трепет. Для многих такой провидец был как бы наделен потусторонней магией Высшего Существа. Религиозный Магеллан безусловно учитывал предсказания Главного Астронома в своих расчетах и почитал его.

Вот как Главный Астроном флотилии ответил своему Адмиралу:
«…Основываясь на Вашем желании знать мое видение судьбы нашего Предприятия, продолжить ли его или повернуть назад, я позволю себе выразить свое мнение, что поиск выхода из пролива, в котором мы оказались Провидением Божьим и Вашими усилиями, а также поиск путей к Молуккским островам может быть продолжен, но лишь до того времени, когда дни будут становиться короче и это случится после месяца Января, когда стихия снова преградит нам путь штормами. Вы знаете лучше меня, мой Адмирал, что экипажи наших кораблей истощены и запасы еды недостаточны для восстановления сил больных моряков. Вам известно и то, что вверенные Вам корабли потеряли много оснастки и их мореходность значительно утрачена. Потому Вы может быть сочтете оставить эти места до наступления зимы и вернуться в них после пополнения запасов в Кадисе или в Санлукар де Баррамеда, откуда мы пришли..».
Далее астроном советовал Магеллану не продолжать движение ночами, давать морякам несколько часов для сна, чтобы они могли восстановить силы. Признавая авторитет Адмирала и выказывая ему свое абсолютное почтение, Астроном просил Всевышнего указать Адмиралу путь к решению.
В своем ответе астроном Андреас де Сан Мартин выразил желание большинства. Впереди их ждали большие опасности, шансы на успех были ничтожны.

Конечно, Магеллан почитал своего главного астронома и считался с его мнением. Но он больше верил в себя и в то, что Всевышний укажет ему путь к островам, как указал Он ему пролив. Магеллан был одержим достижением цели и это было той одержимостью, без которой ничего гениального в мире никогда не происходило и не происходит! Он приказал своим капитанам с рассветом сниматься с якорей. Всю ночь ветер выл в снастях и казалось что это выли все Одиннадцать Тысяч Девственниц, прощаясь со своим Адмиралом.

Днями моряки были заняты рыбной ловлей, охотой на моржей и пингвинов, пополняя запасы еды. Им попадались малые острова, на них была редкая растительность и морякам удалось собрать какое-то количество корневых клубней, очень кислых на вкус. Если бы они знали что эти кислые корни растений спасут их жизни, то набили бы ими трюмы своих кораблей! Но о волшебных свойствах тех растений люди узнали лишь через сотни лет…

Шли дни, пролив перед ними расступался, небо становилось чище и в нем стали появляться морские птицы. Магеллан уже не спал. Он все время находился на палубе, ждал. Это была среда 28 ноября 1520 года. Обогнув очередной мыс, корабли оказались на водной глади и марсовый с мачты закричал, что видит простор, без берегов. Это был последний мыс, за которым открывались безбрежные воды неизвестного океана.
Моряки не могли поверить в случившееся, они впервые видели улыбку на истощенном лице своего Адмирала. Да, их суровый Адмирал улыбался. Свершилось! Триста миль пролива были пройдены за тридцать восемь дней и ночей. Моряки упали на колени в молитве. Тот мыс Магеллан назвал Желанным. В бухте якоря полетели в воду. Получив вино и полный рацион мяса они праздновали событие целую неделю.


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